> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://golang.repodevs.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://golang.repodevs.com/05.0/05.2.md).

# How to use MySQL

The LAMP stack has been very popular on the internet in recent years, and the M in LAMP stand for MySQL. MySQL is famous because it's open source and easy to use. As such, it has become the de-facto database in the back-ends of many websites.

## MySQL drivers

There are a couple of drivers that support MySQL in Go. Some of them implement the `database/sql` interface, and others use their own interface standards.

* <https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql> supports `database/sql`, written in pure Go.
* <https://github.com/ziutek/mymysql> supports `database/sql` and user defined interfaces, written in pure Go.

I'll use the first driver in the following examples (I use this one in my personal projects too), and I also recommend that you use it for the following reasons:

* It's a new database driver and supports more features.
* It fully supports `database/sql` interface standards.
* Supports keep-alive, long connections with thread-safety.

## Samples

In the following sections, I'll use the same database table structure for different databases, then create SQL as follows:

```sql
    CREATE TABLE `userinfo` (
        `uid` INT(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
        `username` VARCHAR(64) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
        `department` VARCHAR(64) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
        `created` DATE NULL DEFAULT NULL,
        PRIMARY KEY (`uid`)
    );
```

The following example shows how to operate on a database based on the `database/sql` interface standards.

```go
    package main

    import (
        _ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
        "database/sql"
        "fmt"
    )

    func main() {
        db, err := sql.Open("mysql", "astaxie:astaxie@/test?charset=utf8")
        checkErr(err)

        // insert
        stmt, err := db.Prepare("INSERT userinfo SET username=?,department=?,created=?")
        checkErr(err)

        res, err := stmt.Exec("astaxie", "研发部门", "2012-12-09")
        checkErr(err)

        id, err := res.LastInsertId()
        checkErr(err)

        fmt.Println(id)
        // update
        stmt, err = db.Prepare("update userinfo set username=? where uid=?")
        checkErr(err)

        res, err = stmt.Exec("astaxieupdate", id)
        checkErr(err)

        affect, err := res.RowsAffected()
        checkErr(err)

        fmt.Println(affect)

        // query
        rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM userinfo")
        checkErr(err)

        for rows.Next() {
            var uid int
            var username string
            var department string
            var created string
            err = rows.Scan(&uid, &username, &department, &created)
            checkErr(err)
            fmt.Println(uid)
            fmt.Println(username)
            fmt.Println(department)
            fmt.Println(created)
        }

        rows.Close()

        // delete
        stmt, err = db.Prepare("delete from userinfo where uid=?")
        checkErr(err)

        res, err = stmt.Exec(id)
        checkErr(err)

        affect, err = res.RowsAffected()
        checkErr(err)

        fmt.Println(affect)

        db.Close()

    }

    func checkErr(err error) {
        if err != nil {
            panic(err)
        }
    }
```

Let me explain a few of the important functions here:

* `sql.Open()` opens a registered database driver. The Go-MySQL-Driver registered the mysql driver here. The second argument is the DSN (Data Source Name) that defines information pertaining to the database connection. It supports following formats:

  ```
    user@unix(/path/to/socket)/dbname?charset=utf8
    user:password@tcp(localhost:5555)/dbname?charset=utf8
    user:password@/dbname
    user:password@tcp([de:ad:be:ef::ca:fe]:80)/dbname
  ```
* `db.Prepare()` returns a SQL operation that is going to be executed. It also returns the execution status after executing SQL.
* `db.Query()` executes SQL and returns a Rows result.
* `stmt.Exec()` executes SQL that has been prepared and stored in Stmt.

Note that we use the format `=?` to pass arguments. This is necessary for preventing SQL injection attacks.

## Links

* [Directory](/preface.md)
* Previous section: [database/sql interface](/05.0/05.1.md)
* Next section: [SQLite](/05.0/05.3.md)